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Sagot :
Answer:
The 19th century was a transformative period for the Philippines, marked by significant changes across social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions:
Social Changes:
Education and Enlightenment: The introduction of modern education by Spanish missionaries and later by secular authorities led to the emergence of an educated class known as the ilustrados. This class played a pivotal role in advocating for reforms and eventually independence.
Rise of National Consciousness: Filipino intellectuals began to question Spanish colonial rule and assert a sense of national identity. This period saw the rise of nationalist sentiments, driven by events such as the execution of nationalist leaders like José Rizal in 1896.
Political Changes:
Spanish Colonial Rule: The Philippines remained under Spanish colonial control throughout the century. Initially governed through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, direct Spanish administration began in 1821.
Philippines 19th Century Changes
The 19th century was a transformative period for the Philippines, marked by significant social, political, economic, and cultural changes, largely shaped by colonial rule, resistance movements, and emerging nationalist sentiments.
Social Changes
- Colonial Society - The Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule for most of the century, resulting in a stratified society with the native Filipinos (indios) at the lower rungs, alongside the Chinese, and the Spanish and mixed-race (mestizo) elites at the top.
- Religious Transformation - The Catholic Church played a central role in social life, influencing education, culture, and governance. Religious orders controlled vast estates, impacting local economies and social dynamics.
- Emerging Middle Class - Urbanization and increased trade led to the rise of a Filipino middle class, educated in Spanish and influenced by Enlightenment ideas and liberal thinking from Europe.
Political Changes
- Spanish Colonial Rule - The Philippines remained a Spanish colony throughout the century, governed through the centralized Manila bureaucracy with local elites collaborating as intermediaries.
- Reforms and Resistance - Efforts to reform colonial governance and representation (like the Propaganda Movement) emerged, challenging Spanish authority and advocating for Filipino rights and representation.
Economic Changes
- Agricultural Economy - The economy was predominantly agricultural, with cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and abaca dominating. Large haciendas (plantations) were controlled by the elite, leading to exploitation and poverty among peasants.
- Emergence of Trade - Manila served as a hub for trade between Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The Galleon Trade connected the Philippines with Mexico, influencing both local economies and cultures.
Cultural Changes:
- Cultural Fusion - The blending of indigenous Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese cultures created a unique cultural identity. This fusion is evident in language (Spanish-based creole, Tagalog), religion (syncretism of Catholicism with indigenous beliefs), and arts (architecture, literature).
- Nationalism and Identity - Intellectuals and artists began to assert a distinct Filipino identity, challenging colonial narratives and promoting indigenous culture and history.
Overall Impact
The 19th century in the Philippines was characterized by resistance against colonial exploitation, socio-economic disparities, and cultural assimilation. It laid the groundwork for the Philippine Revolution of 1896, which eventually led to independence from Spain in 1898. The century marked a period of awakening, where Filipinos began to articulate their aspirations for self-determination and cultural pride amidst the challenges of colonialism. [tex][/tex]
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