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Answer:
In linguistics, performatives are utterances that perform an action simply by being spoken. They are typically categorized into several types:
1. **Declarations**: Statements that bring about a change in the world simply by being stated (e.g., "I hereby declare this meeting open").
2. **Requests**: Utterances that ask for something to be done (e.g., "Could you please pass the salt?").
3. **Promises**: Statements that commit the speaker to doing something in the future (e.g., "I promise to help you with your project").
4. **Apologies**: Expressions of regret or contrition (e.g., "I apologize for the inconvenience").
5. **Commands/Orders**: Directives that instruct someone to do something (e.g., "Please close the door").
6. **Offers**: Proposals to provide something or perform an action for someone (e.g., "Would you like a cup of coffee?").
These types are all part of speech acts theory, which explores how utterances can perform actions beyond merely conveying information.