Why are the coldest places on earth found near the poles?
Variable 6 months long nights and days.
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Insolation (incoming solar radiation) obtained at the poles is 3 times less than the amount received at the poles.
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Angle of Incidence of the solar rays, the tropical egion obtains direct and perpendicular solar rays, which are focused on a smaller surface area which heats up lesser area and more quickly, while the polar regions receive slanting sun rays which heat up a larger surface area with the same amount of radiation as the tropical area.
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High pressure in the polar area increases the absorption and dispersion of light while moving through the atmosphere, which depends on the existence and concentration of air molecules and small particles in the atmosphere.
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Atmospheric Length: The direction of the sun is longer at higher latitudes due to the angle of incidence. As a consequence, the air molecules and particles along the way, resulting in greater absorption and dispersion. As a result, less solar energy is reaching these areas.
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Albedo or the reflectivity of the surface, the polar regions are covered by snow. Since at least 75 to 95 per cent of the incoming sunlight is bounced back by the snowy surface.
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These are the factors responsible for the coldest climate of the Earth's poles.
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