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Answer:
1. The Rutherford Model:
2. The Bohr Model: In 1913
3. The Quantum Mechanical Model:
4. The Electron Cloud Model:
5. The Modern Atomic Model:
Explanation:
1. The Rutherford Model: This model, proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, describes the atom as having a small, positively charged nucleus at its center, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, while the electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed paths.
2. The Bohr Model: In 1913, Niels Bohr introduced the Bohr model, which posits that electrons in an atom orbit the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels. The model suggests that electrons do not emit or absorb energy continuously when they transition between energy levels.
3. The Quantum Mechanical Model: The quantum mechanical model, developed in the early 20th century, describes the atom as a system of electrons and a nucleus governed by the principles of quantum mechanics. According to this model, electrons are described by wave functions and have a probability distribution around the nucleus.
4. The Electron Cloud Model: This model, also known as the shell model, describes the distribution of electrons in an atom as a cloud or shell surrounding the nucleus. The model suggests that electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels, with each shell capable of holding a certain number of electrons.
5. The Modern Atomic Model: The modern atomic model, which combines elements of previous models, describes the atom as having a small, positively charged nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells, and their behavior is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics.