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Answer:
Tom’s observations likely include several key pieces of evidence that support the idea that particles in a liquid have more freedom to move than those in a solid:
1. Shape and Volume
Solids: Maintain a fixed shape and volume because their particles are tightly packed and only vibrate in place.
Liquids: Take the shape of their container while maintaining a fixed volume, indicating that their particles can move past one another more freely.
2. Flow and Movement
Solids: Do not flow because their particles are in fixed positions.
Liquids: Flow easily, suggesting that their particles can slide past each other.
3. Compressibility
Solids: Are generally incompressible due to the close packing of particles.
Liquids: Are also incompressible, but the particles are not as tightly packed as in solids, allowing for some movement.
4. Diffusion
Solids: Diffusion occurs very slowly, if at all, because particles are fixed in place.
Liquids: Diffusion occurs more rapidly, indicating that particles can move around and mix with other particles.
5. Response to External Forces
Solids: When a force is applied, they may deform but generally retain their shape due to strong intermolecular forces.
Liquids: When a force is applied, they flow and change shape easily, showing that particles can move more freely.