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Formed primarily by the movement of tectonic plates. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate or another oceanic plate, one plate is forced beneath the other, melting into magma. This magma rises to the surface and, when it erupts, forms a volcano. Volcanoes can also form at divergent boundaries, where plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust.
Typically formed through tectonic forces that cause the Earth's crust to fold, fault, or buckle. This usually happens at convergent boundaries where two plates collide. The collision can cause the crust to crumple and form mountain ranges. For example, the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.
Most earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. When plates grind past each other, stress builds up until it's released as seismic waves, causing an earthquake.
Earthquakes can also occur in volcanic regions due to the movement of magma beneath the Earth's surface.
Activities such as mining, reservoir-induced seismicity (due to large reservoirs behind dams), and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) can induce earthquakes.
Earthquakes often occur along fault lines, which are fractures in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock have moved relative to each other.