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Atomic Models and Their Contributions
1. Dalton's Atomic Model
- Proponent/Year- John Dalton, 1803-1808.
- Main Features- Matter consists of indivisible atoms; all atoms of an element are identical; compounds form from different atoms in fixed ratios.
- Contribution- Established the concept of atoms as fundamental units of matter, forming the basis for modern chemistry and laws of conservation of mass and definite proportions.
2. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model
- Proponent/Year- J.J. Thomson, 1904.
- Main Features- Atoms are composed of negatively charged electrons within a positively charged "soup."
- Contribution- Introduced the idea of subatomic particles, indicating that atoms are not indivisible and setting the stage for further atomic exploration.
3. Rutherford's Planetary Model
- Proponent/Year- Ernest Rutherford, 1911.
- Main Features- Atoms have a small, dense nucleus with electrons orbiting around it.
- Contribution- Demonstrated that most of an atom's mass is in the nucleus, leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
4. Bohr's Atomic Model
- Proponent/Year- Niels Bohr, 1913.
- Main Features- Electrons occupy quantized orbits around the nucleus and can move between these orbits by absorbing or emitting energy.
- Contribution- Clarified electron arrangements and energy levels, crucial for understanding atomic spectra and chemical behavior.
5. Quantum Mechanical Model
- Proponent/Year- Developed by various scientists, 1920s-1960s.
- Main Features- Describes electrons as wave functions rather than particles, incorporating quantum mechanics principles.
- Contribution- Provides the most accurate depiction of atomic structure, explaining electron behavior and interactions, enhancing our understanding of chemical bonding and reactions.
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