Structure of an Atom: The Five Scientific Models
Solid Sphere Model (Billiard Ball Model or Dalton's Model)
John Dalton thought of the atom as a solid, indivisible ball, like a tiny marble. He believed that atoms of each element were different from one another.
Plum Pudding Model (Thomson's Model)
J.J. Thomson discovered electrons, which are tiny negatively charged particles. He proposed the "plum pudding model," where the atom was like a ball of positive charge with electrons scattered inside, like raisins in a pudding.
Nuclear Model (Rutherford's Model)
Ernest Rutherford found that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at their center. He said that electrons move around this nucleus, much like planets orbiting the sun.
Planetary Model (Bohr's Model)
Niels Bohr improved upon Rutherford's model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed paths or "shells." Each shell has a specific energy level.
Quantum Model
This model, developed by scientists like Schrödinger and Heisenberg, suggests that electrons don't have fixed paths. Instead, they exist in "clouds" around the nucleus, where their exact location is uncertain.
If you wish to read illustrations that simplify the concept of each scientific model for the structure of the atom, read this:
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