Answer:
**1. What is globalization?**
Globalization is the process by which businesses, cultures, and societies become interconnected and interdependent through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas across international borders. It encompasses economic, political, cultural, and technological dimensions, resulting in a more integrated and interdependent world.
**2. What drives globalization?**
Globalization is driven by several factors, including:
- **Technological advancements**: Innovations in communication, transportation, and information technology facilitate faster and more efficient cross-border interactions.
- **Economic policies**: Trade liberalization, deregulation, and the reduction of tariffs and trade barriers encourage international trade and investment.
- **Political changes**: The end of the Cold War, the spread of democracy, and international cooperation foster global integration.
- **Market forces**: The pursuit of new markets, resources, and investment opportunities by multinational corporations promotes global economic interdependence.
- **Cultural exchange**: Increased migration, tourism, and media dissemination spread cultural influences globally.
**3. What are the effects of globalization?**
Globalization has various impacts, including:
- **Economic interdependence**: Countries rely on each other for goods, services, and markets. For example, the global supply chain for manufacturing relies on components from multiple countries.
- **Political and military alliances**: Nations form strategic alliances for economic and security purposes, such as NATO or the European Union.
- **Cultural exchange**: Increased exposure to different cultures through media, travel, and migration.
- **Social changes**: Greater mobility and interaction among people from different societies.
- **Environmental impact**: Globalization can lead to both positive and negative environmental effects, such as increased pollution from industrial activity or the spread of sustainable practices.
**New Examples:**
- **Interdependence of expressive culture among nations**:
- **Example**: The global influence of music genres such as K-pop, which originated in South Korea but has gained immense popularity worldwide, leading to collaborations between Korean and international artists.
- **Expanded flow of instrumental culture around the world**:
- **Example**: The widespread adoption of Japanese business practices, such as "Kaizen" (continuous improvement), in manufacturing and management across different industries and countries.
**Impact of Globalization:**
- **Economic, political, and military dependence and interdependence**:
- **Example**: The global semiconductor industry, where countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and the United States play crucial roles in the production and supply of essential components, creating mutual dependencies.
- **Expanded flow of individual people among societies**:
- **Example**: The increase in international students pursuing education abroad, leading to a more diverse and globally interconnected academic community.
