Answer:
### Ethical Issues in the Information System
1. **Personal Privacy:**
- **Meaning:** Personal privacy concerns the right of individuals to control the collection, storage, and sharing of their personal information. It involves protecting individuals from unauthorized surveillance and data breaches.
- **Example:** The use of personal data by companies for targeted advertising without the individual's explicit consent raises significant privacy issues.
2. **Access Right:**
- **Meaning:** Access rights refer to the permissions granted to users to view, modify, or use data and systems. Ethical issues arise when access rights are improperly managed or when unauthorized individuals gain access.
- **Example:** A breach in access rights can occur if an employee accesses confidential customer information without proper authorization.
3. **Harmful Actions:**
- **Meaning:** Harmful actions involve the use of information systems to cause damage or harm to individuals, organizations, or society. This can include cyberattacks, spreading malware, or using systems to perpetrate fraud.
- **Example:** Launching a cyberattack that disrupts critical infrastructure or steals sensitive data is a harmful action.
4. **Patents:**
- **Meaning:** Patents protect inventions and grant the patent holder exclusive rights to use, sell, and license their invention. Ethical issues arise when patent laws are misused to stifle innovation or create monopolies.
- **Example:** A company holding a patent on a crucial technology may charge exorbitant licensing fees, restricting access to the technology and stifling competition.
5. **Copyright:**
- **Meaning:** Copyright protects original works of authorship, such as software, music, and literature, giving the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display the work. Ethical issues arise when copyrighted material is used without permission.
- **Example:** Downloading and distributing copyrighted software without authorization constitutes copyright infringement.
6. **Trade Secrets:**
- **Meaning:** Trade secrets are confidential business information that provides a competitive edge. Ethical issues arise when trade secrets are improperly disclosed or stolen.
- **Example:** An employee sharing a company's proprietary manufacturing process with a competitor breaches trade secret protection.
7. **Liability:**
- **Meaning:** Liability involves the legal responsibility for the harm caused by one's actions or products. In information systems, this includes issues of accountability for data breaches, software malfunctions, and other damages.
- **Example:** A software company may be held liable if a flaw in their product leads to a major security breach and significant financial losses for users.
8. **Piracy:**
- **Meaning:** Piracy refers to the unauthorized use, reproduction, or distribution of software, music, movies, and other copyrighted materials. It is a major ethical and legal issue in the information systems domain.
- **Example:** Distributing pirated copies of software or digital media without compensating the creators or rights holders is an act of piracy.
