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What is a coronavirus?
Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that circulate among
animals including camels, cats, and bats. Coronaviruses derive their name from their electron microscopic image, which resembles a
crown – or corona
Six strains of coronavirus have infected humans, four of which are together responsible for about one-third of common colds. In the past
two decades, there have been three global coronavirus outbreaks (1). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), caused by a
coronavirus termed SARS-CoV, started in 2003 in Guangdong, China, and spreads to many countries in Southeast Asia, North America,
Europe, and South Africa. Bats are the natural hosts of SARS-CoV; its intermediate hosts are palm civets and raccoon dogs. Early
cases of SARS were linked to human and animal contact at live game markets. Transmission occurred person-to-person through
droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, via personal contact, and by touching contaminated surfaces. In SARS, peak viral shedding
occurs approximately 10 days after the onset of illness, when many patients are hospitalized, which explains why health care
professionals have a particularly high risk of becoming infected. SARS-CoV has a R0 of 4, meaning that each infected person spreads
the disease to an average of four others, and a case fatality rate of 9.5 percent. Although the virus infected 8,069 persons and caused
774 deaths, the last known case of SARS was detected in September 2003.
Nine years later, MERS-CoV – which causes Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – emerged in Saudi Arabia. MERS is
characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission from camels and limited episodes of person-to-person transmission. Explosive
nosocomial transmission has been linked to single super-spreaders of infection. Almost all cases have been linked to people in or near
the Arabian Peninsula.
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