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Sagot :
Answer:
Poverty and inequality have been recurrent
challenges in the Philippines and have again
come to the fore in the wake of the current
global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and
commodity prices experienced in 2008. The
proportion of households living below the official
poverty line has declined very slowly and unevenly
in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has
been much slower than in neighboring countries
such as the People’s Republic of China (PRC),
Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The growth
of the economy has been characterized by boom
and bust cycles and current episodes of moderate
economic expansion have had limited impact on
poverty reduction. Other reasons for the relatively
moderate poverty decline include the high rate
of inequality across income brackets, regions, and
sectors; and unmanaged population growth.
This study aims to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the causes of poverty in the Philippines
and give recommendations for accelerating poverty
reduction through sustained and more inclusive
growth. The study will provide an overview of the
current status of government responses, strategies,
and achievements and will identify and prioritize
future needs and interventions. Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) accomplishments
to date will also be assessed. It will examine
implications of the current financial crisis on
poverty and recommend ways to move forward.
The study is based on analytical work using current
literature and the latest available data, including
the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey
(FIES).
Explanation:
Poverty incidence among households increased
from 24.4% in 2003 to 26.9% in 2006 and the
number of poor families increased from 4.0 million
in 2003 to 4.7 million in 2006. The headcount
index increased from 30.0% in 2003 to 32.9% in
2006 and the number of poor people increased
from 23.8 million in 2003 to 27.6 million in 2006.
It should also be noted that poverty incidence and
magnitude do not necessarily coincide. According
to the 2006 poverty data, Mindanao has the
highest poverty incidence at 38.8% but Luzon has
the highest number of poor families, with almost
2 million families (42.4% of the total).
Self-rated poverty1
has ranged from 50%
to 52% for most of 2008, peaking at 59% (an
estimated 10.6 million people) in the second
quarter. Inequality has also been persistent over
the years. Although the Gini coefficient2
improved
to 0.4580 in 2006 from 0.4605 in 2003 and
0.4872 in 2000, the level of inequality remains
high compared with other countries in Asia and
1 An approach measuring poverty incidence through a random survey of households (heads) that identify themselves as poor; in the
Philippines, this was pioneered by the Social Weather Stations. 2 The Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient varies between 0, which reflects complete equality,
and 1, which indicates complete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption, all others have none).
2 Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities
has hardly changed for more than 20 years. High
inequality has limited the impact of economic
growth on poverty reduction.
The Philippines’ midterm progress report
on the MDGs shows that the following gains
have been made: (i) decrease in the proportion
of people living in extreme poverty; (ii) visible
improvements in household and population
poverty indicators; (iii) maintained net enrollment
rates by sex at both elementary and primary
education levels; (iv) reduction in infant deaths
per 1,000 live births; (v) prevalence of HIV/AIDS
below the national target of 1% of the population;
(vi) improvements in environmental protection;
and (vii) active participation in the World Trade
Organization.
However, the Philippines is still lagging
behind in meeting the targets on access to primary
education, maternal mortality rates, and access to
reproductive health care. Because of the current
global economic crisis and recent increases in
poverty incidence, the goal of reducing the
proportion of people living in extreme poverty
may not be achieved. In all goals and targets,
existing indicators exhibit significant disparity
by region. In terms of gender, the Philippines
has made substantial progress in enhancing the
opportunities and welfare of its women and men
(ADB et al. 2008); however, challenges remain
in implementing key policies and improving
maternal health and reproductive health care.
The main characteristics of the poor include
the following:
The majority live in rural areas and work in
the agriculture sector, mostly as farmers and
fishers.
In the urban areas, such as Metro Manila,
they are found in slums and the informal
sector.
They have large families (six members or
more).
In two-thirds of poor families, the head of
household has only an elementary education
or below.
They have no or few assets and minimal
access to credit.
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