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Upland Agriculture in the Philippines - Potential and Challenges
“Agroforestry is a collective name for land-usesystems and technologies where woody perennials(trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberatelyused on the same land management as agriculturalcrops and/or animals, either in the same form ofspatial arrangement or temporal sequence.”- LUNDGREN & RAINTREE (1982)
Upland Agriculture does not necessarily mean Agroforestry
In the Philippines, upland zones are where both agriculture and silviculture arepracticed on areas with altitudes ranging between 500 meters and 2,000 metersabove sea level and areas with rolling to steep land, with slopes ranging upwardsfrom 18%. Uplands occupy approximately 50% of the land surface of the country.Upland agriculture takes place on deforested and degraded forestland areas. A totalof 6 million ha of public forestland are under agricultural cultivation. e qualityof this land varies from terraced and irrigated plots that are suited to grow rice, tosteeply sloping land suited to growing coconut palms and tree crops. e cropsgrown in the uplands include annuals (primarily maize, upland rice, sugarcane andvarious root crops), perennial crops (e.g. coconut, pineapple, coffee), and fruit andtimber trees.Farming systems in the uplands are primarily oriented towards subsistenceproduction and shifting cultivation, permanent cultivation, home gardens,grazing, and any combination of these. Over time there has been a tendencytowards intensification of land use, with long-fallow shifting cultivation systemsevolving into permanent upland cultivation. Agroforestry can be identified as a special form of upland agriculture. e termagroforestry covers a whole slew of different land use systems where trees or woodyperennials are integrated on agricultural parcels cultivated with annual or perennialcrops. In the Philippines the term agroforestry is often misunderstood. Peoplesometimes also describe monocropping practices (sugarcane, maize and rice) inupland areas as agroforestry, because it is taking place in so-called state ownedforestland. In order to avoid confusion the term agroforestry in this publicationshall be applied only for agricultural systems that have trees or woody perennialsas a system component.Increasing the tree cover of farms using agroforestry systems provides multiplebenefits for the environment and communities. It protects the soil from direct solarradiation and erosion, helps capture water and nutrients and can imitate a multi-story canopy, similar to the natural forest vegetation. Furthermore, agroforestryrepresents a sustainable way to produce sufficient food and generate income.Nutrients for the crops may come from animal manure and/ or leaf material,minimizing external inputs required for an agroforestry system.
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