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Cutibacterium acnes
Cutibacterium acne lives on oily surfaces of your skin and hair follicles. These bacteria can lead to acne breakouts because they multiply when there is excess oil production and clogged pores. This is because they feed on the sebum that is produced by the sebaceous glands. Sebum itself contains a mixture of liquid substances such as fat and cholesterol. It’s an essential lipid that helps improve your skin health by moisturising and also keeping your skin and hair protected.
However, if your skin produces too much sebum, it causes the Cutibacterium acnes to multiply too quickly. This causes your white blood cells to respond to the outbreak, leading to inflammation and ultimately acne. Interestingly, the virulence of this bacteria rises at the strain levels. Not all strains of C. acnes are pathogenic and there is accumulating evidence that this group of bacteria produce antioxidants and other products that are beneficial for the skin.
Corynebacteria
Corynebacteria includes non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria. Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria produce toxins that lead to the disease diphtheria, an infection that affects the throat and mucous membranes of your nose. It can also cause skin lesions that develop as the bacteria begins to colonise damaged areas of your skin. This is a serious infection that can eventually cause difficulty breathing, paralysis, heart failure, or even be fatal. However, Corynebacteria on the skin are mostly harmless commensal that being the 3rd most populous group on the skin, are essential to maintain a balanced microbiome.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis is usually considered one of the “good guys” on the skin. It is known to produce a series of antimicrobial peptides that keep other pathogens under control. There is also evidence of its positive effect on the skin through the modulation of the inflammatory response. S. epidermidis is one of the most abundant bacteria on human skin being predominant in moist areas but also present in sebaceous and dry areas.
Like most bacteria, this bacteria can act as an opportunistic pathogen forming a thick biofilm barrier that protects bacteria from antibiotics, chemicals, and other hazardous substances. This biofilm can adhere to polymer surfaces that could potentially lead to infections. This behaviour causes the Staphylococcus epidermidis to be commonly associated with infections regarding implanted medical devices such as prostheses and pacemakers and is also a major cause of hospital-acquired blood infection. However, the Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria are usually harmless to healthy individuals and pose no real risk of infection.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria on the skin that is often found in the nasal cavities and respiratory tract. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common example of a strain that can cause serious health problems. It is often spread through physical contact, but they need to pass through the skin to cause an infection. This means it requires something like a cut in order to become a serious problem. On the skin, this bacteria can cause or is associated with several pathogens such as Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, cellulitis or Eczema.
Micrococcus luteus
M. luteus is a very common microorganism of the skin that is found in most individuals. In a similar way but at a smaller scale than S. epidermidis, M. luteus is usually considered beneficial for our skin. Also similar to S. epidermidis, this cocci can become a pathogen when the environment is appropriate.
Lactobacilli
The genus Lactobacillus is a well-known microorganism with beneficial effects. A large number of species belonging to the genus are essential for a healthy gut and vagina. Recent studies have also highlighted that certain species such as L. iners are linked to healthy skin. The absence of this bacteria is associated with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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