Answer:
CULTURES DIFFER IN THEIR MORAL CODES
The idea of cultures differing in what they regard as the demands of morality is a familiar one today, and perhaps it always has been. What people have made of this fact has however varied.
Let us remind ourselves though of the sort of thing we are thinking about.
I don't think we will have any difficulty in imagining a culture with apparently different moral constraints than our own. For example, imagine a culture which practices infanticide. Solid citizens of that particular culture believe that there is nothing wrong with strangling a baby if it doesn't look quite right, or if you've already got too many. Or imagine a culture having no qualms about finishing off the old. (Logan's Run?)
It is possible to imagine that cultures might be different from our in these respects, and indeed Rachels in the Reader reminds us that anthropologists are used to reporting actual cases.
(Rachels' article in the Reader offers a beautifully clear and straightforward introduction to what relativism is and how it should probably be argued against.)
For example,
Rachels speaks of the Eskimo, and of early European contact with them. A person called Knud Rasmussen was chiefly involved.
Esquimaux woman
Illustrations from John Franklin's
Second Expedition (1825-27)
Courtesy cd -academia books
As Rasmussen reported it, the Eskimo practised infanticide. A woman who had born altogether 20 children was reported by Rasmussen as having killed half of them at birth. The killing seemed to be at the parents' discretion, and female babies were apparently specially likely to attract this kind of terminal attention. This culture appeared to have the same businesslike approach to the old, too. Beyond a certain degree of dependence, the old were sent off into the snow.
Explanation:
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