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Flame test will describe the presence of certain elements based on the emission of the line of spectrum. Each element has their own fingerprint in the line of spectrum they have. The reason why chemicals emit different colors of light is due to the presence of the elements which composes them.
Different colors were emitted in a flame test due to the released of photons which will be manifested due to the presence of the colors visible when the test is conducted.
The colors will depend on the energy of the photons and each elements has different energy level as they have different line of spectra.
How did this happen? Let us discuss it further.
When heat is applied, the electrons of the atoms becomes excited and from a ground state they move into a higher energy level. The electrons will only be excited for a short period of time and then they will come back to their ground state level. When the electron comes back to their ground state level, the energy that it uses to climb to a higher energy level was emitted.
The emitted energy is the photons. Photons color will vary in the energy that they carried. We know that electrons are quantized which means that they have a specific energy level and every element has different level of energy as they have different number of electrons in their orbitals. This makes every element have their own line of spectra. This is how scientists explains the relationship between the colors observed and the structure of the atom.
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