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Roman Art: Characteristics and Predecessors
Most historians tend to see Roman art as, at best, a poor copy of Greek art. It is possible that the Romans themselves shared this perspective. Roman authors rave about Greek sculptors, like Phidias and Praxiteles, but they make no mention of Roman sculptors. Where the Greeks treated art almost as a form of religious expression, the Romans seem to have treated it more like a commodity.
As such, Roman art is rarely as impressive as its Greek predecessors. However, despite these shortcomings, the huge demand for art in Rome, especially among the Roman elite, means that the sheer volume of Roman art dwarfs that of any previous civilization. In fact, many great Greek sculptures survive only as Roman copies.
Nevertheless, the fact remains that Rome owes nearly the entirety of its artistic achievement to the Greeks. The Greeks had long since mastered the art of sculpture, creating some of the greatest masterpieces of all time. The elements of Greek sculpture - realism, idealism, harmony of form - held a great appeal to the Romans. The Romans may also have borrowed inspiration from the Etruscans, who had an artistic tradition all their own, including sculptures and murals.
The derivative nature of Roman art raises some interesting questions. First of all, are Roman imitations of Greek sculptures Greek art or Roman art? This question is further complicated when we realize that Rome was a huge empire, spanning many cultures. This raises still further questions. Is a mural made in Roman-occupied Syria, Syrian art or Roman art? And further: is a statue made by a Greek slave in Rome still Greek, or is it Roman?
We cannot begin to address these questions in this lesson; however, it is important to keep these reservations in mind as we take a look at the art of Rome. This lesson will focus on the three most popular forms of Roman art: sculpture, murals and mosaics.
Let us begin with the most Greek of these - the sculpture. Romans love Greek sculptures. They bought, borrowed or stole vast quantities of sculpture from Greece. They also copied a lot of it, either in bronze or in marble. Yet, the Romans also made this art their own, in the form of portrait sculptures and narrative reliefs.
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