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Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is now dominating the lives of everyone, and its history is constantly being rewritten. This article gives a brief account of the story so far: where SARS‐CoV‐2 might have originated, how it compares with other viruses that cause major respiratory disease, and some of the treatments and vaccines currently being investigated to combat it.Phylogenetic analysis suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 originated in animals, probably bats, and was transmitted to other animals before crossing into humans at the Huanan wet market in Wuhan City.5, 6 There is some evidence that the intermediate vector may have been pangolin, a type of nocturnal anteater imported illegally for its flesh. This animal carries a coronavirus that is very similar to SARS‐CoV‐2 but differs in a crucial region that determines viral infectivity and host range. It is therefore possible that the virus passed into humans and then, through adaptation as it infected more people, mutated to acquire the characteristics that made it spread so quickly.
SARS‐CoV‐2 is not the first coronavirus to cause outbreaks of respiratory infection in humans. Six others have been identified so far, all believed to have originated in animals.6, 7 The four coronaviruses that are now endemic in humans cause 10–15% of common colds, mostly peaking between December and April in temperate climates.8 NL63 and 229E probably came from bats; OC43 and HKU1 seem to have originated in rodents. Each of these causes mild symptoms, though OC43 has ancestry as a bovine coronavirus that may have caused a pandemic at the end of the 19th century.