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Physico-chemical indicators are the traditional 'water quality' indicators that most people are familiar with. They include dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). They also include measures of toxicants such as insecticides, herbicides and metals.
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Water Quality Policies
For example, in the "Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy" (DIRECTIVE 2008/105/EC), the European Union defines a number of chemical substances that are considered priority pollutants and potential threats to “good water quality”. In general, the directive requires that the annual average concentration of certain substances in water bodies must not exceed legally prescribed limits and also regulates an upper limit for the maximum concentration of these substances. The regulation mainly concerns metals such as cadmium or mercury, residues of certain pesticides and a number of aromatic hydrocarbons. Similar regulations exist in the USA, where the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines standards and test procedures for ninety different substances. These also include biological contaminants such as E-coli and salmonella. Against this background, the United Nations has also developed a number of strategies - e.g. the WHO Water Quality and Health Strategy 2013-2020 - and launched programmes - e.g. the UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme.
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Clean drinking water is a precious resource. It is the basis of our daily life and decides like no other substance about our health and well-being. It is therefore important to ensure that the water for everyday use meets the highest quality criteria. But what is meant by the term water quality and how can water quality be measured and compared? This question will be addressed and explained in more detail in the following sections.
While water is a molecule consisting of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom (H2O), the term "quality" is much broader: In philosophy, quality is equated with the attributes of an object (Honderich 2005), whereas in engineering, quality is seen as a property that makes a particular object suitable for a particular purpose (Phadke 1995). Pragmatically speaking, water quality can be defined on the one hand by its physical and chemical properties and on the other hand by the suitability of a water resource as a drinking water resource. Thus, water quality clearly describes the properties of water which, if adverse impacts on human health can be excluded, characterise the water as drinkable (WHO 1993). This results in the need to make water quality measurable, for example to determine the drinkability of water and the ecological status of water bodies. As water quality consequently comprises many different aspects, indicators are needed to capture these. In the course of assessing water quality, the chemical, biological, radiological and physical properties of water are compared with standards and guidelines (Bartram and Ballance 1996). These standards also specify how the measurements are to be carried out to ensure comparability and uniform measurement conditions
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