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Sagot :
Answer:
The temperature of the hatch new chick is supposed to be
Below 35°C (95°F) no embryo is likely to survive to hatch. Typically the heart is enlarged and the head development more advanced than the trunk and limbs. The temperature at the lower end of this range is sometimes referred to as 'Physiological zero' - the threshold temperature for embryonic development.
In common with most scientific work on incubation, this data assumes a fan assisted with
virtually no temperature differences within the incubator and was based on chicken eggs.
Zone of heat injury (above 40.5°C/104.9°F)
At continuous temperatures above 40.5°C (104.9°F) no embryos would be expected to
hatch. However the effect of short periods of high temperature are not necessarily lethal.
Embryos up to 6 days are particularly susceptible, older embryos are more tolerant. For
example, embryos up to 5 days may well be killed by a few hours exposure to 41°C
(105.8°F) but approaching hatching time they may survive temperatures as high as 43.5°C
(110°F) for several hours.
Zone of hatching potential (35 - 40.5°C/104.9 - 84.5°F)
Within a range of 35 to 40.5°C (84.5 - 104.9°F) there is the possibility of eggs hatching. The
optimum (for hens) is 37.5 °C (99.5°F), above this temperature as well as a reduced hatch
there will be an increase in the number of crippled and deformed chicks. Above 40.5 °C
(104.9°F) no embryos will survive.
Continuous temperatures within this range but below optimum will slow development and
increase mortalities. Again it is early embryos that are more susceptible to continuous
slightly low temperatures than older embryos. From 16 days on it may be beneficial to lower
the incubation temperature by up to 2°C (3.6°F). The effects of short term reduction in
temperature are different and are discussed later.
Zone of disproportionate development (27 - 35°C/80.6 - 95°F)
Eggs kept above 27°C (80.6°F) will start to develop. However the development will be
disproportionate with some parts of the embryo developing faster than others and some
organs may not develop at all. Below 35°C (95°F) no embryo is likely to survive to hatch.
Typically the heart is enlarged and the head development more advanced than the trunk and
limbs.
The temperature at the lower end of this range is sometimes referred to as ‘Physiological
zero’ - the threshold temperature for embryonic development. Unfortunately different organs
appear to have different thresholds resulting in an embryo that cannot survive.
Zone of suspended development (-2°C - 27°C/28.4 - 80.6°F)
Below about 27°C (80°F) no embryonic development takes place. Prior to incubation, eggs
must be stored in this temperature range, ideally around 15°C/59°F.
Zone of cold injury ( -2°C/28.4°F)
Below this threshold ice crystals will start to form in the egg and permanently damage may
be done to internal structures meaning the egg cannot hatch. Eggs may lie for some
considerable time in temperatures close to freezing without suffering damage.
The analysis above gives us a fair idea of what may be happening to embryos kept
continuously or for long periods within these temperature bands. Of course continuous
incubation at any temperature other than near optimum is of little practical interest because it
will not result in live birds but this information does give a better understanding of what may
happen if eggs should be accidentally overheated or chilled.
Short term temperature effects
Surprisingly there is evidence that, during the early phase of incubation, chilling of eggs to
below ‘physiological zero’ (say 25°C/77°F) does less harm than chilling to temperatures
above that level. Embryos up to 7 days old may well survive cooling to near freezing for 24
hours or more without damage. The cooling delays hatching but not by as much as the
period of chilling - so there appears to be some degree of compensation. The older the
embryo, the more likely it is to die as a result of chilling to below 27°C/80.6°F but the effect
on surviving embryos is not detrimental.
Explanation:
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