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Paper:
Inventor: Cai Lun
How it was invented: Paper was invented in China around 105 AD by Cai Lun, a court official. He created paper by mixing mulberry bark, hemp, rags, and water, then pressing and drying the mixture1.
Glass:
Inventor: Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians
How it was invented: Glassmaking dates back to around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Early glass was made by heating sand (silica) with soda (sodium carbonate) and lime (calcium oxide) to high temperatures2.
Plastic:
Inventor: Alexander Parkes
How it was invented: The first man-made plastic, called Parkesine, was created by Alexander Parkes in 1862. He derived it from cellulose, a natural polymer, and treated it with nitric acid3.
Concrete:
Inventor: Ancient Romans
How it was invented: The Romans developed concrete around 300 BC by mixing lime and volcanic ash with water and small stones. This mixture, known as Roman concrete, was used to build structures like the Pantheon.
Steel:
Inventor: Henry Bessemer
How it was invented: The modern steel-making process was developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856. He invented the Bessemer converter, which allowed for the mass production of steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities.