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José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda, more commonly known as José Rizal, was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. He was the seventh of eleven children in a family of prosperous farmers. His parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo, were well-educated and instilled in him a love for learning.
Rizal's early education began in his hometown, where he displayed remarkable intelligence and a keen interest in literature and the arts. He went on to attend the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree with highest honors. Subsequently, he studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, though he later transferred to the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain, where he completed his medical degree. He furthered his studies in ophthalmology in Paris and Heidelberg.
Aside from his medical practice, Rizal was a prolific writer and a fervent advocate for reform in the Philippines. His most famous works include the novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," which exposed the injustices and corruptions of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. These novels played a crucial role in launching the Philippine revolution against Spanish rule.
Rizal's efforts were not limited to his writings. He was actively involved in the Propaganda Movement, which sought political and social reforms through peaceful means. However, his growing influence and his outspoken criticism of the Spanish authorities led to his arrest and exile to Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao, where he continued his medical practice and civic works.
Despite his peaceful approach, Rizal was arrested again in 1896 on charges of sedition, rebellion, and conspiracy. He was convicted and sentenced to death. On December 30, 1896, José Rizal was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) in Manila. His martyrdom significantly galvanized the Filipino people’s quest for independence, making him a national hero and a symbol of the country's fight for freedom.
Rizal's legacy endures in the Philippines, where he is remembered not only as a brilliant intellectual and a compassionate physician but also as a courageous advocate for justice and human rights.