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Answer:
The "size," or amplitude, of seismic waves created by an earthquake source and measured by seismographs is referred to as earthquake magnitude. (The forms and behavior of these waves are discussed in the section Seismic waves.) Because the scale of earthquakes varies greatly, it is required to compress the range of wave amplitudes reported on seismograms for comparative purposes using a mathematical technique. In 1935, American seismologist Charles F. Richter established an earthquake magnitude scale based on the logarithm to base 10 of the maximum seismic wave amplitude (in thousandths of a millimetre) recorded on a standard seismograph (the Wood-Anderson torsion pendulum seismograph) 100 km (60 miles) from the earthquake epicenter.
Empirical tables are used to reduce the amplitudes recorded at various distances to the amplitudes anticipated at the standard distance of 100 km. Richter magnitudes ML are calculated under the premise that the ratio of maximum wave amplitudes at two given distances is constant and independent of azimuth for all earthquakes.
At the moment, scientists and engineers employ a variety of magnitude scales to determine the relative size of an earthquake. For example, the P-wave magnitude (Mb) is defined as the amplitude of the P wave measured on a typical seismograph. Similarly, for surface waves with a wave period of 20 seconds, the surface-wave magnitude (Ms) is defined as the logarithm of the highest amplitude of ground motion.
An earthquake magnitude scale, as defined, has no lower or upper limit. Sensitive seismographs may record earthquakes with negative magnitudes and have reported magnitudes as high as 9.0.
What is an Earthquake?
What are the Causes of an Earthquake?
What are the Effects of an Earthquake?
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