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Answer:
1.Magma contains dissolved gases, which provide the driving force that causes most volcanic eruptions. As magma rises towards the surface and pressure decreases, gases are released from the liquid portion of the magma (melt) and continue to travel upward and are eventually released into the atmosphere. Large eruptions can release enormous amounts of gas in a short time.
2.The field of materials is immense and diverse. Historically, it began with the emergence of man himself, and materials gave name to the ages of civilization. Today, the field logically encompasses the lonely prospector and the advanced instrumented search for oil; it spreads from the furious flame of the oxygen steelmaking furnace to the quiet cold electrodeposition of copper; from the massive rolling mill producing steel rails to the craftsman hammering out a chalice or a piece of jewelry; from the smallest chip of an electronic device to the largest building made by man; from the common paper-bag to the titanium shell of a space ship; from the clearest glass to carbon black; from liquid mercury to the hardest diamond; from superconductors to insulators; from the room-temperature casting plastics to infusible refractories (except they can be melted today); from milady’s stocking to the militant’s bomb; from the sweating blacksmith to the cloistered contemplating scholar who once worried about the nature of matter and now tries to calculate the difference between materials.
3.Consideration was directed in Chapter 2 to the changing world conditions in which the institutions of the materials field—in industry, government, and universities—must function. Attention is now given to illustrating in more detail the principal features of industrial areas which operate to meet man’s present and future needs for materials to perform desired functions in goods and services. The features are highlighted by examining three key materials-producing industries (metals, inorganic nonmetals, and plastics), and five industries that are major users of materials (electronics, lighting, containers, automobile, and building). Finally, in the closing part of this section, the important role of materials standards and specifications is reviewed.